Past continuous

We use the past continuous to talk about actions in progress at a specific time in the past.

Was    Mr. Corbin sleeping at 6:00?    No, he wasn’t sleeping at 6:00

Aux.+   Sub.    +     v + ing   +   TE                 (-)  Sub. + Aux. (-) + V + ing + TE

What was he doing?         He was working

Qw. + Aux. + V + ing                Sub. + Aux. + V + ing

·    

     We can use the past continuous to talk about an action in progress in the past WHILE another action was happening.

Trudy was trying to help while Arnold was calling the police.

      Past continuous    +  while  +   Past continuous

·         We can also use the past continuous to talk about an action in progress in the past when another action happened.

Arnold was working when he heard the shot.

Past continuous   +   when   +   simple past 

·        * While is for long actions          * When is for short actions

        

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cause and effect

We use cause and effect conditional to express things that are universally true or things that are true for a specific person.

Condition                                                                                       Result

When she isn’t in class                                                    They ignore her

Condition + Sub. + Sp.                                                        Sub. + Sp

RESULT                                                                                     Condition

It’s difficult to approach someone                    If             you don’t know them

Sub. + Sp                                                               Condition + Sub. + Sp

What does she do when she goes to a party? She talks to people when she goes to a party.

Qw. + Aux. + Sub + Vsf. + Condition sp.       








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obligations or necessities

We use “Have to” to express obligations or necessities in present or future.

Does Paul have to talk to Mr. Pitt.? Yes, he has to talk to him.

Aux.+ Sub. + Exp. Sf. + Vsf.                       (+) Sub.+ Exp. Sf. + Vsf

                                                   
                                                   No, he doesn’t have to talk to him

                                                    (-) + Sub.+ Aux.(-) + Exp. Sf. + Vsf.

What does he have to do?  He has to help Karla

Qw + Aux. + Sub.+ Exp. Sf. + Vsf

·         We use “had to” to express necessities or obligations in the past.

rick have to finish another project?   Yes, he had to finish it.

Aux. + Sub + Exp. Sf.                                      (+) Sub. + Exp. in past.+ Vsf

                                                       
                                                     No, he didn’t have to finish it.

                                                                   (-) Sub. + Exp. in past.+ Vsf




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Objects pronouns

We use objects pronouns to substitute nouns.

O.p= Object pronoun

 Does janis like instrumental music?   No, she can’t stand it.

                                  Noun                                                             object pronoun

I -- me                                        It -- it

You -- you                                 We -- us

He -- him                                  You -- you

She -- her                                 They -- them

Do you love your friends?  Yes, I love them

                             Noun                                   O.p

What did you give your best friend?  I gave her a sweater

                                         Noun                       O.p + Object




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Future

We use “ going to”  to express a  future action,

We  use the auxiliary “be” + going to + Vsf   to express a future action.

Are they going to go to spain next week?     Yes, they’re going to go to spain

Aux. + Sub. + expression + Vsf + TE                          (+) Sub. + aux + Expression + Vsf                                           

                                                       

                                                       No, they aren’t going to go to apain

                                                       (-) Sub. + aux (-) + expression + Vsf

What is she going to do next week?          She’s going to take a trip to spain

Qw + Aux + Sub + Expression + Vsf + TE                Sub- + Expression + Vsf

We use the simple future to talk about future actions. We use will when we are sure about something in the future and we use May when we aren’t sure about something in the future.

Will Sally leave Mexico?   No She won’t leave Mexico

Aux. + Sub. + VSF                     (-) Sub.+ Aux(-) + VSF

What will she do?                she’ll take a trip

Qw. Aux.+ Sub.+ VSF                   Sub.+ Aux + VSF

Will he go to India? He may go to India

                             Sub+ Aux.+ VSF

·      We use the future possible conditional to express thing that wiil, can or may happen in future.

Condition                                                                             Result

 If she goes to the party                   She will drink beer 

           Simple present                      Sub. + Aux. + VSF

                                                      She may drink beer 

                                                      She can drink beer 

In the condition clause we use simple present in the result clause we use will, can or may + Vsf.

Will  is used to express that we are sure

May is used to express  that we aren’t sure

Can is used to express an opportunity.

    

    When we ask a question in future posible, the possible, the question form is always in the result; never the condition.

Result                                    Condition

Will she miss her boyfriend if she doesn’t forgive him? Yes, she will miss her boyfriend.

Aux. + Sub. + Vsf

What will she do if she goes to Mexico?  She will rent a house

Qw. + Aux + Sub + VSF

·        We can use “will have to” in the result clause to express an obligation.

If she goes to Mexico, she will have to rent a house.

Simple present                   Sub. + Aux. + Have to + Vsf

·        We use the future continuous to talk about an action that will be in progress at specific time in the future.

Will Tom be sleeping at 3:00 next Friday?   No, he won’t be sleeping at 3:00.  

Aux. + Sub. + BE + V + ing + TE                             (-) Sub. + Aux. + BE + V +ing + TE   

What will he be doing at 3:00?                    He will be working .

Qw. + Aux. + Sub + BE + V + ING + TE                     Sub. + Aux. + BE + V + ING

·         we use the time expression “at”   + specif time  (at 3:00, at noon, etc.)

When we use the expression “probably” we are indicating that we are fairly sure about an action; we believed that the action is more likely to happen that not:

I’ll probably be watching tv. at 3:00 = I’m almost sure I’ll be watching tv.

Note:  If you use “probably”, you believe that there is a very good chance you will do the action. If you aren’t sure, then use “maybe”

·        We use the Present continuous to talk about a planned future action.

How are they going to get to the hotel?           A driver is taking them.

Qw. + Aux. + Sub. + v + ing

We can use Time clauses to relate two actions in the future. When we do this, we use expressions like as soon as and when followed by the simple present

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Past

We use the verb “be” in past to talk about nationality, origin, profession, 

existence, age, location, description, state of being and weather.

-Was   his father   American?       No, he hasn’t American; he has from spain

V be past+Sub+Nationality                     (-) Sub+V past neg,+nationality+v past+origin 

- Were his parents’ doctors?  No, they don’t doctors; they were singers

   V past+Sub+Profession              (-)Sub+V past negative+profession+Sub+V past + profession.

-Was there         a     party  last Saturday?  Yes there was a party

Expression + Article + noun   +  TE                             (+) Expression + article + noun.

-Were there any clouds?    No there weren’t any clouds

Expression + any + Noun   (-) + Expression + any + noun

·         

   We  use verbs in past to talk about completed actions at a definite time in the past

Cherly went to a party last friday.

Sub. + V. in past      +       TE

We use the auxiliary didn’t ( did not) + a verb in simple form in negative

He      didn’t  have a good time.

Sub. + aux (-) Vsf

We use the auxiliary did + subject + a verb in simple form in the interrogative.

Did        he      take his cat and dog to a veterinarian?

Aux.   +Sub. + Vsf.

·   

      To ask an informtion question, we add a question Word before the auxiliary did.

Where did they go?                    They went to a soccer game

Qw + aux.  + Sub. + vsf                Sub. + V past

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Frequency adverbs

We use frequency adverbs to express  how frequently we do an action:

I always take a bath in the morning

·      

      The frequently adverb goes before the action verb in a sentence

He            sometimes                plays the guitar    in the morning

Sub.  + Frequency adverb +   V. present + TE

He   doesn’t                usually               have time to do exercise

Sub. + Aux (-) + Frequency adverb + Vsf.

 Always 100%                                Sometimes 55 %

Almost always 95%                      Rarely 10%

Usually/normally 80%                 Hardly ever / almost never 5%

Frequently /often 65%                Never 0%

We can use frequency adverbs with action verbs or the verb “to be”

It’s always cold in New York in the winter.

The frequency adverb goes after the verb “to be”

He always feels tired and his stomach is always upset

Sub.+ Frequency adverb + V present + Sub. + V be + frequency adverb

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Existence

We use the expression there is to express existence, in singular and there are in plural.

There is a clock in the classroom

Is there a restaurant?                                  Yes, there’s a restaurant

Expression + article + Noun                          (+) Expression + article + Noun

There are some apples on the table

In interrogative, we use any to ask about  existence. In affirmative we can use some. In negative to indicate zero quantity

Are there any apples on the table?   No there aren’t any apples on the table

Expression + article + Noun                         (-) Expression + article + Noun

With existence, we use the question word How many? To ask about the quantity

How many students are in the classroom? There are five students

Qw + Noun + Expression                                    Expression + Number + Noun

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Possessive adjectives

Possessive adjectives are used to show ownership

Whose is the question word for possession. The answer always includes the possessive form of a name.

Are these your parents’ keys?  No they aren’t their keys.

V be+ sub+ Object                  (-) Sub + V be + Object 

Whose keys are they?  They’re john’s keys

Qw + noun + v + s          S + V + name+‘s + noun

The possessive adjectives are:

My                  Its

Your               Your

His                 Their

Her

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Simple present

We use the simple present to talk about general information.

She lives in Tokyo

Sub. + v. present

When we use like, we can use an object (a person, a place, a thing) after it.

She likes movies

Sub. +v. present +object

Or we can use other verb after in the infinitive form

She          likes           to read

Sub. + v. present + verb infinitive

Does his wife like to swim? Yes, she likes to swim

Aux + Sub. + Vsf                       (+) Sub. + v present       

·      

   

• We use verb without an “s” for Subjects:  they, we, you and I.
• We use the verb + “s” for Subjects: he, she and it.

• In negative we use de auxiliary doesn’t (does not) + verb in simple form for she, he and it
• In negative we use de auxiliary don’t (do not) + verb in simple form for I, you, they and we

We use also use the simple present to talk about habits.

She reads the newspaper every day.

Sub. + Verb present + T.E

Does Rachel play tennis on Saturday? Yes, she plays tennis on Saturdays

Aux + Sub. + Vsf                                        (+) Sub. + V present

Time expressions:

In the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening.

We use the question words + auxiliary do or does to ask questions for specific information. The form of the verb after the auxiliary is simple form.

Where does she live?  She lives in Mexico

Qw + Aux + Sub. + Vsf

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Weather

To talk about the weather we use the verb “to be”

How is the weather?

Qw+ be + Sub.

It’s cold

Sub. + be +description

Is it raining?

Be + Sub. + Description

Other descriptions of weather we can use are:

Hot , cool, warm, windy, cloudy  and sunny.

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Verbs present participle /gerunds/ verbs + ing

We add ing to a verb according to the following rules:

• ·     Usually we add ing

work     working

stand    standing

learn     learning

• ·     When the verb ends in an e, we drop the e and add ing

come    coming

have      having

write     writing

• ·      If a one syllable (with only one vowel sound) verb ends in one consonant (for example p, t, r) that follows one vowel (for example a, o, e), we double the consonant.

swim     swimming

get         getting

stop       stopping

• ·         Some verbs have irregular ing form

lie           lying

die         dying

travel    Travelling/ traveling

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Present continuous

We use the present continuous to express an action that we are doing at the moment.

He’s eating a pizza

Sub.+ v  be + v present participle

Is she reading?

V be + Sub. + v present participle

What she is reading?

Qw + Sub.+ v be + v present participle

What are you doing?

Qw +v be+ sub + v present participle

We can use time expression: now, right now and at the moment.

He’s eating a pizza right now  

• ·   the verbs present participle  are also called gerunds or verbs + ing

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vocabulary of abilities

English	Ability	Spanish
sailor	Sail	Marinero
mechanic	Fix a car	mecánico
model	Model	modelo
baker	Bake a cake	panadero
hairdresser	Cut hair	peluquero
journalist	Interview people	Periodista
fisherman	Fish	pescador
Pilot	Fly	piloto
policeman	take care of people	policía
teacher	Teach	profesor
psychologist	Give advices	psicólogo
watchmaker	Fix a watch	Relojero
priest	Pray	sacerdote
secretary	Take notes	secretario
soldier	Shoot a gun	soldado
taxi driver	Drive a taxi	taxista
salesman	Sell	vendedor
vet	Cure animals	veterinario
actor/actress	Act	actor/actriz
builder	Build	albañil
architect	Design	arquitecto
fireman	Firefighting	bombero
singer	Sing	cantante
scientist	invent/discover/create	científico
driver	Drive	conductor
electrician	fix the electricity	electricista
Writer	Write	escritor
shoemaker	Make shoes	zapatero

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