Existence

We use the expression there is to express existence, in singular and there are in plural.

There is a clock in the classroom

Is there a restaurant?                                  Yes, there’s a restaurant

Expression + article + Noun                          (+) Expression + article + Noun

There are some apples on the table

In interrogative, we use any to ask about  existence. In affirmative we can use some. In negative to indicate zero quantity

Are there any apples on the table?   No there aren’t any apples on the table

Expression + article + Noun                         (-) Expression + article + Noun

With existence, we use the question word How many? To ask about the quantity

How many students are in the classroom? There are five students

Qw + Noun + Expression                                    Expression + Number + Noun

pato.wazzy@gmail.com

Possessive adjectives

Possessive adjectives are used to show ownership

Whose is the question word for possession. The answer always includes the possessive form of a name.

Are these your parents’ keys?  No they aren’t their keys.

V be+ sub+ Object                  (-) Sub + V be + Object 

Whose keys are they?  They’re john’s keys

Qw + noun + v + s          S + V + name+‘s + noun

The possessive adjectives are:

My                  Its

Your               Your

His                 Their

Her

pato.wazzy@gmail.com

Simple present

We use the simple present to talk about general information.

She lives in Tokyo

Sub. + v. present

When we use like, we can use an object (a person, a place, a thing) after it.

She likes movies

Sub. +v. present +object

Or we can use other verb after in the infinitive form

She          likes           to read

Sub. + v. present + verb infinitive

Does his wife like to swim? Yes, she likes to swim

Aux + Sub. + Vsf                       (+) Sub. + v present       

·      

   

• We use verb without an “s” for Subjects:  they, we, you and I.
• We use the verb + “s” for Subjects: he, she and it.

• In negative we use de auxiliary doesn’t (does not) + verb in simple form for she, he and it
• In negative we use de auxiliary don’t (do not) + verb in simple form for I, you, they and we

We use also use the simple present to talk about habits.

She reads the newspaper every day.

Sub. + Verb present + T.E

Does Rachel play tennis on Saturday? Yes, she plays tennis on Saturdays

Aux + Sub. + Vsf                                        (+) Sub. + V present

Time expressions:

In the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening.

We use the question words + auxiliary do or does to ask questions for specific information. The form of the verb after the auxiliary is simple form.

Where does she live?  She lives in Mexico

Qw + Aux + Sub. + Vsf

     pato.wazzy@gmail.com

Weather

To talk about the weather we use the verb “to be”

How is the weather?

Qw+ be + Sub.

It’s cold

Sub. + be +description

Is it raining?

Be + Sub. + Description

Other descriptions of weather we can use are:

Hot , cool, warm, windy, cloudy  and sunny.

pato.wazzy@gmail.com

Verbs present participle /gerunds/ verbs + ing

We add ing to a verb according to the following rules:

• ·     Usually we add ing

work     working

stand    standing

learn     learning

• ·     When the verb ends in an e, we drop the e and add ing

come    coming

have      having

write     writing

• ·      If a one syllable (with only one vowel sound) verb ends in one consonant (for example p, t, r) that follows one vowel (for example a, o, e), we double the consonant.

swim     swimming

get         getting

stop       stopping

• ·         Some verbs have irregular ing form

lie           lying

die         dying

travel    Travelling/ traveling

pato.wazzy@gmail.com

Present continuous

We use the present continuous to express an action that we are doing at the moment.

He’s eating a pizza

Sub.+ v  be + v present participle

Is she reading?

V be + Sub. + v present participle

What she is reading?

Qw + Sub.+ v be + v present participle

What are you doing?

Qw +v be+ sub + v present participle

We can use time expression: now, right now and at the moment.

He’s eating a pizza right now  

• ·   the verbs present participle  are also called gerunds or verbs + ing

pato.wazzy@gmail.com

vocabulary of abilities

English	Ability	Spanish
sailor	Sail	Marinero
mechanic	Fix a car	mecánico
model	Model	modelo
baker	Bake a cake	panadero
hairdresser	Cut hair	peluquero
journalist	Interview people	Periodista
fisherman	Fish	pescador
Pilot	Fly	piloto
policeman	take care of people	policía
teacher	Teach	profesor
psychologist	Give advices	psicólogo
watchmaker	Fix a watch	Relojero
priest	Pray	sacerdote
secretary	Take notes	secretario
soldier	Shoot a gun	soldado
taxi driver	Drive a taxi	taxista
salesman	Sell	vendedor
vet	Cure animals	veterinario
actor/actress	Act	actor/actriz
builder	Build	albañil
architect	Design	arquitecto
fireman	Firefighting	bombero
singer	Sing	cantante
scientist	invent/discover/create	científico
driver	Drive	conductor
electrician	fix the electricity	electricista
Writer	Write	escritor
shoemaker	Make shoes	zapatero

pato.wazzy@gmail.com